Two Decades of Land-Use Dynamics in an Urbanizing Tropical Watershed: Understanding the Patterns and Drivers

Java’s Brantas River Basin (BRB) is an increasingly urbanized tropical watershed with significant economic and ecological importance; yet knowledge of its land-use changes dynamics drivers as well their importance have barely been explored. This the case for many other watersheds in Java, Indonesia beyond. study BRB (1) quantifies period 1995–2015, (2) determines patterns during (3) identifies potential 1995–2015. Findings show that from 1995 to 2015, major transitions forest shrubs (218 km2), dryland agriculture (512 urban areas (1484 km2) were observed BRB. Responses land-user questionnaires suggest include a wide range economic, social, technological, biophysical attributes. An agreement matrix provided insight about consistency inconsistency inferred Land Change Modeler those questionnaires. Factors contributed inconsistencies limited representation local features spatial data sets comprehensiveness Together two approaches signify heterogeneity scale-dependence change process.